The Role of Barter and Exchange in The Local Economy & Governance System

Introduction: Understanding Key Dimensions of Trade Through the Lens of LEGS

In today’s money‑centric Old World system, barter and direct exchange are rarely practiced or legitimised. This absence disadvantages those who could benefit most from trading their goods and skills directly for the things they need, in ways that are simple and achievable.

An economy built on the recognition of human value safeguards and embraces contributions that cannot be measured or constrained by volume or transactional worth in universally accepted terms, while also accommodating goods, services, and contributions that can be.

At its core, the Local Economy & Governance System upholds The Basic Living Standard, affirming that economic value resides in people themselves. It must never be surrendered to the control of any third party – however legitimised or credible – that might manipulate the worth of individual contributions or exclude people altogether by imposing rules over a value system it dictates for universal use.

Money becomes a corrupt, authoritarian policeman when distance erases integrity and the wrong, out of sight forces are in control

The Local Economy & Governance System (LEGS) challenges us to rethink every part of how society functions – from governance and public services to food, housing, and work.

Trade is no exception. If we are to build a fair, resilient, and people‑centred society, we must re‑examine the foundations of how value moves between individuals, businesses, and communities.

For too long, trade has been defined exclusively through money. This narrow view has distorted our understanding of value, restricted our autonomy, and placed unnecessary barriers between people and the things they need.

The belief that money is the only legitimate medium of exchange has allowed governments and financial institutions to centralise control, monitor every transaction, and shape economic life in ways that benefit the few at the expense of the many.

Barter and Exchange offer a different path – one that aligns with the principles of LEGS and restores the freedom to trade directly, fairly, and without interference. They allow value to circulate locally, strengthen community resilience, and empower people to meet their needs through cooperation rather than dependency on distant systems.

This article develops the discussion already begun within LEGS by exploring the mechanics of trade in a fair society. It explains why Barter and Exchange are essential, how they work within the Local Market Exchange (LME), and how they support the wider transformation toward a system built on People, Community, and The Environment.

1. Why Barter Matters: Reclaiming the Meaning of Value

The Psychology of Value and Exchange

Money-centric society has conditioned us to believe that value exists only when expressed in money.

This belief is so deeply embedded that many struggle to imagine a world where value can be recognised or exchanged without a price tag.

Yet value is not inherent in money.

Value is inherent in people, skills, time, and the things we create.

Direct exchange restores:

  • Human‑scale value – worth defined by usefulness, not speculation
  • Relational value – trust, cooperation, and mutual respect
  • Intrinsic value – meaning that exists beyond financial measurement

Barter is not primitive. It is profoundly human.

2. The Ethical Foundation of Direct Exchange

Legitimacy Beyond Money

The Moneyocracy created the illusion that all legitimate trade must pass through regulated currency. This allowed governments and financial institutions to monitor, tax, and control every aspect of what they sanctioned and identified as economic life.

Within LEGS, the ethical foundation for Barter and Exchange is clear:

  • People have the inherent right to exchange value directly
  • Communities have the right to determine how value circulates locally
  • No authority has the moral right to restrict non‑monetary exchange when the essential needs are met

Barter is not a loophole.

It is a legitimate, ethical, community‑centred form of trade that compliments an economy with People, Community and The Environment at its heart.

3. How Barter Works: Everyday Practical Examples

Person‑to‑Person, Business‑to‑Business, and Mixed Exchanges

Barter is practical, flexible, and already familiar to most people.

Person‑to‑Person

  • A neighbour repairs a bicycle in exchange for vegetables
  • A retired teacher tutors a child in return for gardening help

Business‑to‑Business

  • A café trades baked goods with a farmer for eggs
  • A carpenter exchanges shelving units with a printing shop for marketing materials

Mixed Exchanges

  • Working time, plus local currency for a refurbished smartphone
  • Goods plus working time to settle a larger exchange

Community‑Level

  • Seasonal swap days – exchanging additional time and skills for goods and services
  • Collective repair events where the community provides people with home repair or servicing of equipment for additional community contributions
  • Multi‑party trades facilitated by the LME

Barter adapts to any scale and any need.

4. Barter as a Pillar of Local Resilience

Strengthening Communities Through Direct Exchange

Barter strengthens local systems by:

  • Reducing dependency on external supply chains
  • Encouraging repair, reuse, and resourcefulness
  • Keeping value circulating locally
  • Building trust and cooperation
  • Providing stability during economic shocks

When money becomes scarce, barter continues.

When supply chains fail, local exchange thrives.

5. Barter and Local Currency: A Complementary System

How the LME Balances Flexibility and Stability

Barter and local currency are complementary tools.

Local currency exists to:

  • Facilitate exchanges where direct barter is impractical
  • Provide a stable, community‑governed medium of exchange
  • Prevent speculation or hoarding
  • Keep value circulating locally

Barter is ideal when two parties have mutually desired goods or services.

Local currency is ideal when they do not.

The LME allows both to operate seamlessly.

6. Safeguards and Fairness in the LME

Preventing Abuse, Hoarding, and Manipulation

The LME incorporates safeguards to ensure fairness:

  • Prohibition of hoarding essential goods
  • Transparent values for Basic Living Standard items
  • Community oversight through The Circumpunct
  • Limits on accumulation of local currency and/or property ownership beyond essential use
  • Rules preventing speculation or artificial scarcity
  • Open dispute resolution

These measures ensure Barter and Exchange remain tools for empowerment.

7. Transitioning from Money to Exchange

Practical Pathways for Individuals, Businesses, and Communities

Transition is gradual and supported by community infrastructure.

Individuals

  • Start with small exchanges
  • Use the LME to find trading partners
  • Combine barter with local currency

Businesses

  • Accept partial payment in goods or services
  • Use barter to reduce waste
  • Join and promote the LME network

Communities

  • Host swap events
  • Encourage local producers to list goods
  • Integrate barter into community projects

Transition is organic, practical, and accessible.

8. Addressing Common Concerns and Misconceptions

Removing Barriers to Understanding

“Barter is too complicated.”

The LME simplifies valuation and facilitates multi‑party exchanges.

“How do you ensure fairness?”

Community‑agreed values and transparent governance prevent exploitation.

“What if someone cheats?”

Dispute resolution is local and immediate.

“Isn’t this going backwards?”

Barter restores autonomy and resilience, recognising that progress is not one dimensional and does not erase actions and processes that work in the best interests of all.

“What about large transactions?”

Barter can be combined with local currency or working time.

Objections dissolve through experience.

9. The Historical and Anthropological Argument for Barter & Exchange

Why Barter Is Not Primitive – It Is Proven

Historically:

  • Communities relied on mixed economies of barter, gifting, and shared labour
  • Money became dominant not because barter failed, but because it seemed easier and its use was encourage or coerced as elites sought control
  • Many societies used barter alongside currency for centuries
  • Modern barter networks thrive during crises

Barter aligns with human social instincts far more closely than money ever did.

10. The Philosophy of Exchange

Barter as an Expression of Human Connection

Barter reflects:

  • Reciprocity
  • Trust
  • Mutual recognition
  • Shared purpose
  • Community interdependence

Money reduces relationships to transactions.

Barter restores relationships to relationships.

It is not simply a method of trade. It is a philosophy for living.

Conclusion: The Return of Human‑Centred Trade

Barter and Exchange are essential components of a fair, resilient, and people‑centred economy.

They restore autonomy, strengthen community bonds, and ensure that value circulates locally rather than being extracted by distant systems.

This article demonstrates that within the LEGS Human Economy model:

  • Value is defined by people, not money
  • Direct exchange empowers individuals and communities
  • Barter strengthens resilience and reduces dependency
  • Local currency complements barter within the LME
  • Safeguards ensure fairness and prevent abuse
  • Transition is practical and accessible
  • Barter reflects the deeper philosophy of LEGS

And that

  • History and anthropology validate mixed economies

Trade, when reclaimed from the distortions of money-centric economics, becomes a tool for dignity, cooperation, and shared prosperity.

Barter and Exchange are not relics of the past.

They are the foundations of a future where fairness, autonomy, and community define how we live and trade together.

Discover a Blueprint for Fair, Sustainable Communities: Introducing the Local Economy & Governance System (LEGS)

Are you searching for a fresh vision of society—one that puts people, community, and the environment first? The new book, The Local Economy & Governance System offers a transformative framework for reimagining how we live, work, and govern together.

Why Read This Book?

  • A Timely Critique and Practical Blueprint: LEGS doesn’t just highlight what’s broken in today’s world—it lays out actionable steps for building a society where everyone’s essential needs are guaranteed, and collective wellbeing is the top priority.
  • People, Community, Environment: These three principles guide every aspect of the LEGS framework, from local governance and economic models to daily life and public policy.
  • Personal Sovereignty: LEGS places strong emphasis on empowering every individual to live freely, responsibly, and authentically. Personal Sovereignty is recognized as the foundation for dignity, ethical living, and genuine freedom within the community.
  • Authentic Governance: Say goodbye to distant, hierarchical leadership. LEGS champions local, democratic decision-making, where leadership is earned through service and accountability—not status.
  • Basic Living Standard for All: Imagine a world where full-time work at the lowest wage covers all core living costs—no more poverty, reliance on charity, or skipped essentials.
  • Community Contributions: Every working member gives back 10% of their week to support local services and charity, replacing traditional public sector staffing with a community-led workforce.
  • Ethical Business & Economy: Businesses exist to serve the public good, not profit. Social enterprises fill gaps where private business doesn’t meet essential needs, and wealth is distributed equitably among contributors.
  • Responsible Technology & AI: LEGS strictly regulates technology to ensure it serves humanity and never replaces human agency. All essential services have human-led, non-digital alternatives.

Who Should Read LEGS?

  • Community leaders, policymakers, and activists seeking practical models for local empowerment.
  • Anyone concerned about inequality, environmental sustainability, or the future of governance.
  • Readers interested in social innovation, ethical business, and resilient communities.

Get Involved

LEGS is more than a book—it’s an invitation to participate in shaping a fairer, more compassionate world. Start conversations, challenge old systems, and take practical steps in your own community. The journey to a better future begins with the choices we make and the values we uphold.

Technology and Artificial Intelligence Should Only Fill Jobs When No Humans Are Available

The rise of artificial intelligence offers a stark and accessible example of how technology can be misused—driven by profit and control at the expense of people, communities, and the environment.

A difficult truth we must confront is that new technologies—whether in the form of methods, machines, or information—have often been adopted with little regard for the consequences they bring to those displaced by their implementation.

The prioritisation of technology over humanity has not only led to the loss of jobs, businesses, and local economies. It has also ushered in more exploitative and dehumanising working conditions for both adults and children. In many cases, human lives have been treated as expendable, so long as the final product appears perfect and profitable—concealing the harsh realities of its creation.

Technology and innovation themselves are not the enemy. The real threat lies in the motives of those who pursue profit and power, seeking to build a world tailored to their own interests while disregarding the value of others. What could have been a golden age for humanity is instead becoming a moment where humanity’s very existence is at risk.

If we continue to allow technology to be controlled by narrow interests—those who manipulate governance systems to serve themselves—we risk a future where human life is increasingly devalued.

Even the few who currently hold power may find that the very technologies they’ve harnessed will ultimately destroy them, or the environment they’ve shaped for their own survival.

The evidence of technological misuse is already clear. We must not allow systems that enable such manipulation to persist.

Future frameworks for governance must quietly but firmly embed safeguards that protect people.

These systems should make it clear that jobs and community contributions are more valuable than any technology designed to eliminate them.

The worth of human work and its role in society must always outweigh the perceived convenience or efficiency of technological replacements.

No matter how advanced technology becomes, the importance of meaningful work—for every individual and for the health of our communities—must always surpass the allure of automation.

New Names, Old Games

Talking about and thinking about narratives isn’t just important today. It’s essential if you are to arm yourself with the truth and ultimately stand any chance of not being driven completely mad.

Unfortunately, the reasons that make critical thinking necessary, as we absorb and digest any of the information that constantly flows towards us, usually through the digital devices that we carry, are not just as simple as working out the credibility of sources, identifying the truth, or filtering out the rampant levels of views and opinion which have regrettably become the bigger part of the content of all news.

It is increasingly necessary to identify where names and the nomenclature or branding of ideas, approaches, systems and even recognisable activities have been deliberately changed with the intention to confuse. Usually to create the misleading idea, in our minds, that somebody is doing something or selling something to us that is completely new or specialised beyond our comprehension. Just so that they can gain advantage over us until such time as we have worked it all out.

Regrettably, the establishment – that’s government, the public sector and all the big businesses and money organisations that are actually running things – has reached the point where they change the names of everything, either to make more money or benefit themselves, or increasingly to give the impression they have stopped or moved away from doing anything that has been publicly outed as being wrong. But for whatever reason that’s important to them, they intend to keep on doing it anyway and believe they need to nothing more to cover it up than change the name.

The more things change, the more they stay the same

Whilst it would be foolish not to acknowledge the power for good that some forms of digital technology and artificial intelligence have – in the right hands and when being used for the right reasons, the way that so many of us have taken the coming technical or AI revolution as read, and seem to have just accepted that many will no longer have jobs as a result, does illustrate the danger that we have become to both ourselves and to our own future. All because we don’t ask questions and simply accept whatever we are being told to believe – usually because it’s come from the voice of someone remote who we don’t even know!

The rather inconvenient truth that all those creating new terminology for whatever they control, are trying to control or attempting to regain control of; is that there isn’t much going on that’s genuinely new, as we consider life in the aspect of 360 degrees around us.

It is just made to look and feel that way.

Indeed, most of us would quickly grasp this, if we were to refuse to just accept the sales pitch and ask what they are selling us, what it will do and how it works.

This approach is applicable to method as well as to machine.

We would all be wise to take time to consider everything that touches our lives in some way, in terms of the pathways that bring it to us, how it works, who benefits and why those interests have brought them to us as and when they have.

Some would say ‘Oh it’s obvious!’

But is it really? And has it ever been?

Magic only works on us, when we don’t understand whatever is happening

Sadly, many of us are all too happy to accept the premise that what we don’t know can’t hurt us.

We accept that names, memes, keywords, industry terms and abbreviations mean that whoever is using them knows things that we do not. Usually making those people more knowledgeable and therefore powerful than we are, with a somewhat strange accompanying surrender to the misplaced idea that we should simply shut up.

Exploding the very dangerous myth about people who are considered to be experts and specialists, often in ways that are taken to mean they have universal understanding of everything, when they most often have been doing just one job; have studied more about the subject than us, and have been given a qualification by someone else who is actually just like them, is now becoming essential.

Not just to stop ourselves from being played like complete fools. But because the idiocy and self-aggrandisement that blankets so many of the people in positions of power, influence, control and that we therefore revere, are hiding behind the façade of terms we don’t understand, just to benefit themselves whilst all the time creating a very unhappy and unhealthy world that for us, that is never really going to work in our favour for as long as people like this have influence and control.

Dishonesty is regrettably rampant throughout everything that the establishment now does. Not necessarily because everyone within the establishment is dishonest. But because the way that normal people like you and I are being exploited, manipulated and used, so that those doing these things can benefit in some way, is simply now accepted as being the ‘normal’ way things work and therefore as being the done thing, for everyone.

Using and abusing others at any level is not ok. And as we find ourselves transiting a tumultuous period of inevitable change, one of the things that we should all be striving for to experience in whatever new world awaits us on the other side, is that lying, manipulation and the abuse of any person for any reason by another, just so that the abuser can become advantaged in some way, should be outlawed and treated as the horrible crime that it really is.

People need jobs more than AI and the Tech Revolution

Everyone’s ability to work and be financially secure is vital to humanity, whereas accepting an unnecessary AI and Tech-Takeover that nobody genuinely needs will ultimately only benefit the few

The narrative now dictating to us that the Tech and AI Takeover is inevitable is tiring. Not least of all, because the whole idea that progress can and will only go one way is a myth.

Indeed, the myth that the AI and Tech Takeover is now inevitable serves only those who stand to benefit from everything being pushed this one, very specific and wholly unnecessary way.

Granted, many of us do feel that once technology has arrived and it is in our lives, there is no choice but to accept whatever the implications and outcomes of its arrival might be. Even when for increasing numbers of us it is beginning to become frighteningly clear that we and everything that we know may be about to be affected in some disastrous, life-changing way.

However, you may want to ask yourself, ‘Is this tech takeover, and what is going to change a voluntary choice that I am making?’

Did you consciously agree with the direction everything that touches your life digitally is now going?

Did you agree to changes that may quickly lead to you or people you know having no work or hope of ever getting another job?

Did you knowingly allow the parallel, digital universe and the role of arbitrary judgements about you and everything you are, do or can be, to walk in and begin the process of taking over each and every part of your life through the clever use of man-made codes which have been called algorithms?

So many of us fall into the trap of going along with the idea that jobs we know of today will no longer be required or even exist within perhaps just a matter of months because we are told that it represents progress and that the changes that the introduction of new AI-based technologies across life will be better for us all.

But when the narratives and words of politicians, tech gurus and influencers say all or everyone, just exactly who are they really referring to?

Are you going to benefit and in what way?

Are those benefits real, or are they just distractions that appear to make the very small and seemingly meaningless things that we do every day much easier?

Are those benefits really meaningful and long-lasting, or do they cover up how the small wins everything outside of us tells us we need actually covering up the real, long-term losses in our lives that unless we quickly wake up, we will never be able to replace?

Regrettably, few of us are even thinking about the impact and consequences of the changes that we have accepted for the simple reason that everything we have seen and experienced so far, whether it’s the way we shop, are able to access so much through apps or online, or are able to access whatever we believe we want in mere moments online, leaves us with the idea that AI and anything related to digital tech can and will only ever be good for us.

But what was wrong with the way things were two years ago; five years ago, or ten years ago, where the tech that we had in our lives or that we had access to was concerned?

Didn’t life work just as well, and perhaps in some ways that may seem unrelated even better then?

Have computers, smartphones and digital tech really benefitted our lives in the ways that we are led to believe? Or have they actually disadvantaged us and changed our lives in ways that make us very unhappy and create what for some are unmentionable problems, in so many other ways?

Technology and technological improvement or progress is a phenomenon that we must begin looking at in relation to ourselves, the people we care about and those who we have real face to face contact with, regularly within our communities; You know – people living in the real world that is OFFLINE!

Do we actually need a world where we and those people around us do not have jobs and cannot work, because a machine or different software systems can now do all the things that every person does at work, or once did?

Do those people who don’t have jobs really benefit from no longer having work?

Is the best use of AI and new technology to replace us? Or the best use of AI and new technology to assist us?

Surely there can be no doubt that the world around us would be a much better place to live and experience if everyone who can work, does work; and that in return for doing a full weeks work, they in turn receive enough money or remuneration of whatever kind to ensure that they can cover the cost or be able to secure all the basic essentials that give them independence, rather than a situation now evolving where the masses look like they are soon to be left behind.

Where is the drive really coming from for jobs to be lost and make it all seem necessary?

Who benefits from it appearing to be a foregone conclusion that ending jobs and mass redundancy is not a choice that is any of ours to decide?

What we can be sure of is it will not ultimately be people like you and me.

Technology and the advancement of technology and AI is like everything right across life that is being driven by the quest for greater and continuing profits, and the wealth, control, power and influence that quickly follows behind.

We don’t see it because we aren’t supposed to and that’s why what’s really changing underneath what we can see is actually leaving us, our communities and our humanity behind.

The choices being made about the way that new technology is being rolled out and used are not being made in the best interests of the masses. Because if they were, they would not be threatening to take away jobs and resulting in outcomes like the destruction of communities and to lives that it will bring.

If the purposes driving AI and new Tech were genuinely about improving life for all, the changes underway would not be beginning to impact us all negatively, just so that business owners, tech owners and those that benefit can elevate themselves in every way, whilst their actions and choices begin to leave everyday normal people like you and I behind.

Yes, the idea that all jobs, tasks and requirements could be met by machines, software and automation will sound appealing if it means that everyone can do and have whatever they might want without ever having to do a day’s work or lift a finger in effort, ever again.

But just how real do you or anyone that you know believe that idea to be?

Do you really think that the tech companies and those who control AI and digital technology are working day and night at an incredible pace to create a utopia where we all do nothing, pay for nothing, are given everything for free and have whatever we want in our lives without paying for it or working for it?

Wouldn’t we be seeing and experiencing signs of this great giveaway already, if they really were on the altruistic pathway to greatest giveaway to everyone else ever known?

The answer is that whoever and whatever is controlling all of this only has the benefits to themselves in mind. Or they would be happy for AI, for tech and the advancements that are available to be used only to improve life and working conditions for everyone, rather than them being imposed at the head of a revolution, deliberately hidden in plain sight, that is apparently set to leave the majority of the people across the world behind.

The narrative about the role of AI is a myth and the creation of a prophecy that can and will only become true, because we believe the narratives and respond to them as if they were already true. Not Because they are actually real and the AI takeover is as complex or on its imminent way to sentience or being genuinely all-knowing in any way.

The irony is that if we continue to believe the hype; continue to be fooled into thinking AI can and will do all we are being told it will, simply because we have been blindsided by the speed that it works and what we have seen it do so far, we will walk into an elephant trap where the masses will have made themselves irrelevant and we will soon be of no use to those who are controlling all of this and believe it is their right to exploit everything and the lives of all others, if it will help them to achieve whatever they want to do.

The advances in digital technology and Artificial Intelligence are just another step in a long-term process of centralisation and power transfer by design, where the power and Personal Sovereignty that all human beings should have the right to enjoy, has slowly but surely been stolen, but with our manufactured consent.

Our independence and personal power have been progressively eroded and transferred to organisations and people who have no idea who we are, what we do and know nothing about the communities and places where we live.

Yet they now find themselves on the cusp of being able to control every part of our lives and existence through the removal of our independence, making life dependent upon them and their system, which can and will only be able to exist because we have failed to question and reject the idea that this all represents progress for humanity.

Without change, the creation of a mass sub-class of people who can do nothing more than exist – if it is indeed possible for them to continue to do so – is now inevitable and the only way our subservience to this system and what it is dictating can take us.

To be clear, the AI Takeover and technology revolution that we are being conditioned to expect is not necessary. It is not legitimate at any level or in any way.

Technology and innovation should always be used to benefit the whole of mankind. Not just those who create it, own it, regulate it or pay for it, with money they would never have even had, if they had not first corrupted and manipulated the monetary and economic systems of the world so that it would appear to have legitimately gifted them everything that they now have.

Life and what it should offer every person was never meant to be this way.

Power over us all was never meant to be concentrated within the hands of just a few.

Centralisation, remoteness and the dehumanisation of every process and function that maintains and provides for life was never meant to be funnelled into the hands of others. People who will soon have the ability to choose whether other people live or die, based on using the digital chains that our own eagerness to have more of everything has unwittingly enabled them to wrap around a lot more than just our wrists.

Walking away from a system that puts money and the technology that enables it first, as the absolute priority before the masses of people is key to creating a different future. A good future for all, where everyone once again has the opportunity to be free, to be independent and to enjoy fulfilling the functions necessary to create and maintain a genuinely good life. All the time working together and collaborating only with those strictly necessary within our communities to provide everything that is essential for life in a real, localised world where everyone and everything can be trusted, because it can always be seen.

Simplicity of life; simplicity of governance; simplicity of business models and structures; simplicity of money and the systems that only administer it are key to improving every part of life and creating the equitable experiences and opportunities that only real justice, fairness and balance in everything can provide.

Yes, the technology we have certainly has its place.

But the place of tech is to help humanity; not replace it.

People need jobs more than anyone needs a Tech Takeover. Because we all need to function in the world; to contribute to it and to what we all need from each other collectively in some way, and then in return receive whatever we need that will at the very least meet all of our essential and basic needs, so that we can function and support those we care about without ever having to seek or become reliant upon help.

We must reject the use of AI, Tech and the takeover of real life by the digital universe.

We need to get back to basics with the prioritisation of businesses and business structures that are essential to life being sustainable and maintained locally.

Businesses that employ people need to be sized in such ways that mean everyone in every community has work to do and a contribution to make within a system where everyone who can work does work and receives everything they need to be functionally independent and therefore able to meet all their own needs.

Imagine the 21st century equivalent of the village green, where every essential and basic need for members of the community is met by small businesses dedicated to meeting just the needs of the people that everyone knows and meets face to face, pretty much each and every day.

Businesses that are and only ever will be big enough to provide services and goods to the people they serve as specialists in whatever it is that they do. So that customers always have the best experience possible for them to have, and the business itself prioritises just those needs and pays all of the staff and its working shareholders fairly and justly, ensuring that retail prices will never exceed an affordable relationship with what everything genuinely costs.

This scenario is not only possible. It has now become necessary, if we want to enjoy lives that are built around values and care for everyone, for our communities and the environment that supports us. Rather than pursuing a desperate path to make life and everything we ever do about whatever material wealth, possessions and power that we have.

Money, profit and everything that prompts and promotes the greed that underpins it are the real reasons for centralisation and the transfer of control.

There is no humane reason for any person to become impoverished by the implementation of any form of technology that isn’t being used purely for the benefit of humanity or the public good.